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Fathali M. Moghaddam
Fathali M. Moghaddam is an Iranian psychologist, professor of psychology at Georgetown University and director of Conflict Resolution Program, Department of Government, Georgetown University.〔(An interview with Fathali Moghaddam )〕〔(On Fathali Moghaddam )〕〔(Berkley Center )〕〔(psychology of dictatorship )〕〔(Conference of the International Society For Justice Research )〕
==Theory and books==
Moghaddam has proposed that there are two types of behavior: a first that is causally determined and a second that is normatively regulated. The mistake of traditional psychology, and social sciences more broadly, is to try to explain all behavior by applying causal models. He has attempted to demonstrate how causal and normative accounts can combine to create a more complete science of behavior.〔Moghaddam, F. M. (2002). ''The Individual and Society''. New York: Worth. Harré, R., & Moghaddam, F. M. (Eds.) (2012). ''Psychology for the Third Millennium: Integrating Cultural and Neuroscience Perspectives''. London & Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage. Hardcover and softcover.〕 Second, through concepts such as the ''embryonic fallacy'' 〔Moghaddam, F. M. (2013). ''The Psychology of Dictatorship''. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Press.〕 and ''interobjectivity'',〔Moghaddam, F. M. (2010). "Interobjectivity, Intersubjectivity, and the Embryonic Fallacy in Developmental Science". ''Culture & Psychology'', 16, 465–475. Sammut, G., Daanen, P., & Moghaddam, F. M. (Eds.) (2013). ''Understanding the Self and Others: Explorations in Intersubjectivity and Interobjectivity''. New York: Routledge.〕 Moghaddam gives priority to collective over individual processes, and argues that personal worldview and identity emerge from collective worldview and identity. This sets him apart from traditional research, which he argued is individualistic and reductionist. Third, Moghaddam has criticized traditional psychology as reflecting the international power structure, with the United States as the only superpower of psychology stamping the discipline with its individualistic, 'self help' ideology.〔Moghaddam, F. M. (1987). "Psychology in the Three Worlds: As Reflected by the 'Crisis' in Social Psychology and the Move toward Indigenous Third World Psychology". ''American Psychologist'', 47, 912–920.〕 He has criticized what he claims is a 'wholesale' exportation of American psychology to the rest of the world, and argued for the need for an appropriate psychology for the non western world.〔Moghaddam, F. M. & Taylor, D. M. (1986). "What Constitutes an 'Appropriate' Psychology for the Developing World?" ''International Journal of Psychology'', 21, 253–267.〕 His concept of double reification describes the process of Western culture being exported to the modern sector of non-Western societies, then being 'discovered' by cross-cultural researchers and reported as a 'universal.'〔Moghaddam, F. M., & Lee, N. (2006). "Double Reification: The Process of Universalizing Psychology in the Three Worlds". In A. Brock (Ed.), ''Internationalizing the History of Psychology'' (pp. 163–182). New York University Press.〕
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